By this, we mean that if a user has the email address they may actually use the username jsmith to login to Active Directory. The external username format is possibly different than what employees use to access internal resources. #Additional notes on username format discovery Inurl: may also use sites like to search for company email addresses that have shown up in a breach. The best way to start searching for a username format is to use some Google dorks and possibly theHarvester. The domain you’re targeting is obscure, or there isn’t a standard format for the company (the lack of a standard format is highly unlikely). How to validate if that’s the case is not part of this article.Ģ. That domain has either never been used or is an alias for another domain. If hunter.io has never heard of your domain, one of two possibilities exist:ġ. Commonly, hunter.io will provide you with the following, and it’s how you should denote the format once discovered.ġ. With 100+ million email addresses indexed, effective search filters and Ģ. The Domain Search lists all the people working in a company with their name and email address found on the web. Navigate to the link below and enter your domain.įind email addresses in seconds Hunter (Email Hunter) It can be inaccurate, however, depending on the number of email addresses the site has been collected. Using hunter.io is a fairly easy way to discover an organization's username formats. If an employee username is and we have high confidence this is true for all employees, we say the format is If an employee username is and we have high confidence this is true for all employees, we say the format is to find a username formatġ. When we write the format out, we describe it using something similar to the syntax shown below: For example, John Smith may have the username As you can see, this aligns with the format of first initial + last name. A username/email format denotes how a company structures employee account names. What do we mean when we say, "username format"? If you don’t find anything, the domain is most likely unused for corporate mail services. If you uncover an Outlook web app instance, you CAN validate users and CAN do it en masse. If you see Google or anything similar referenced, you CAN validate users collected, but NOT quickly or reliably. If you see "microsoftonline" or O365 referenced, you CAN validate users collected but NOT quickly or reliably. Take note of some things in the output of the script you just ran. Without this data you can’t validate addresses at a later point.ħ. Looking through that output should give you more than enough to report on and enumerate the mail services in use. Run the script with your target apex domain apended.Ħ. In addition, if the last few lines of the script above produces results, dance around the room because your job probably got 100% easier.
Mailspoof can be difficult, so you might have to run it manually.
Host $i.$domain | tee -a exchange-enum."$domain".txt Mailspoof -d $domain -o mailspoof."$domain".jsonĬheckdmarc $domain -o checkdmarc."$domain".jsonĭig +short $domain MX | tee digmx."$domain".txtĭig +short $domain TXT | tee digtxt."$domain".txtįor i in owa post mail mymail exchange autodiscover exch exch01 outlook Download and make the following bash script executable: Make sure you have these tools installed:Ĥ. When we enumerate these records at Sprocket, the script detailed below is used. This information can be easily collected by tooling pre-installed on all operating systems. Note that all examples in this blog will use the fake domain, ĭNS records store everything we need to get a picture of authentication endpoints and mail services that an organization uses. Uncover the organization’s username format Analyze MX (mail) DNS records for our target domainĢ. We need to do two things before proceeding:ġ. The flowchart below demonstrates the process of fully enumerating an organization’s employee base and how to collect a list of publicly available authentication endpoints used by those employees. Brute force and password spray endpoints Collecting and validating an organization’s employee base is critical for any successful offensive information security operation.
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